Apollo experience report: Ascent propulsion system

The development of the Apollo lunar module ascent propulsion subsystem is documented. The ascent propulsion subsystem was designed, built, and tested to provide propulsive power for launching the ascent stage of the lunar module from the surface of the moon into lunar orbit for rendezvous with the orbiting command and service module. Because total redundancy was prohibitive in this subsystem, special emphasis had to be placed on reliability in design with adequate demonstration short of an extensive flight-demonstration program. The significant technical problems encountered during all phases of the program are identified and the corrective actions are discussed. Based on this experience, several recommendations are made for any future program with similar subsystem requirements.