Ionospheric and satellite remote sensing of tornadic storms

Gravity waves associated with tornadoes were studied by using a ground-based ionospheric sounding system and satellite visible and infrared photographs of clouds associated with storms. Examples were chosen from gravity waves associated with a group of tornadoes and with isolated tornadic storms. Ray tracing computation was carried out to identify the location of the wave source. It is found that the wave sources of gravity waves associated with tornadoes were located on the squall line and/or isolated clouds where the tornado touched down one hour after the gravity waves were excited.