Interpreting the solar wind ionization state

The ionization state of the solar coronal expansion is frozen within a few solar radii of the solar photosphere, and spacecraft measurements of the solar wind heavy ion charge state can therefore yield information about coronal conditions (e.g., electron temperature). Previous interpretations of the frozen-in ionization state have always assumed that in the coronal freezing-in region, (1) all heavy ions flow at the same bulk speed as protons, (2) the electron velocity distribution function is Maxwellian, and (3) conditions vary in space but not in time. The consequences of relaxing these assumptions for the interpretation of solar wind charge state measurements are examined. It is found that: (1) the temperature inferred by traditional interpretation of the interplanetary ionization state overestimates (underestimate) the actual coronal electron temperature if higher ion charge stages flow systematically faster (slower) than lower stages at the coronal freezing radius; (2) temperatures inferred from relative abundance measurements of ion-charge-stages with high ionization potentials moderately overestimate the actual coronal electron temperature if the high-energy tail of the coronal electron velocity distribution is enhanced relative to a Maxwellian distribution; (3) the propagation of a disturbance, e.g., a shock wave, through the corona can strongly affect the frozen-in charge state, but only over a time (a few times ten minutes) corresponding to the coronal transit time for the disturbance.