Interaction of zonal winds with the equatorial midnight pressure bulge in the earth's thermosphere - Empirical check of momentum balance

The paper is concerned with the effect of the equatorial midnight pressure on the nighttime zonal winds in the altitude range 300-400 km. The analysis is based on zonal momentum balance of measured quantities at the specified altitude combined with the nighttime average-pressure variations given by the Atmosphere Explorer-E (AE-E) satellite and the ion density given by the model of Chiu (1975). It is found that the nighttime pressure variation obtained from temperatures and densities measured on AE-E is consistent with the observed variations in the zonal wind and that the zonal wind decay time due to ion drag and viscosity reasonably accounts for the observed decay in velocity leading to the midnight minimum.