Pathfinder - Accuracy improvement of comet Halley trajectory for Giotto navigation

The 'Pathfinder' project uses the resources of NASA, ESA and Intercosmos to support the Giotto space probe flyby of comet Halley. The required 500-km approach to comet Halley on the sunward side was so uncertain as to preclude the trajectory's realization with sufficient accuracy on the basis of ground-based astronomical observations alone. Spaceborne observations by the two Vega satellites were accordingly conducted; these, in combination with a very accurate determination of the Vega trajectories using VLBI, allowed a flyby distance of 600 km to be achieved with only + or - 40 km uncertainty.