Measurement of the speed of sound in ice

The data presented demonstrate the gathering of sound speed measurements in refrigerated ice, using both compressional and shear waves, on the basis of ice thickness and sound wave time-of-travel parameters. Clear and sharp echo reflections were obtained for both compressional and shear waves at the aluminum/ice and ice/aluminum interfaces for ice at -26 C; ice formed at various conditions can have different sound speeds, depending on the density and elastic constants.