Surface-based passive microwave studies of multiyear sea ice

Results are presented on surface-based multifrequency passive microwave observations of multiyear (MY) sea ice in the eastern Arctic Basin, the Beaufort Sea, the Canadian archipelago, and the northern Greenland Sea. The analyses of these data show that the magnitude of the spectral gradient of emissivity is directly related to the existence and the thickness of a decomposed surface ice layer with very high porosity. Spectra for melt ponds with a frozen surface layer closely resembled those of lake ice and showed a positive spectral gradient. The variance among emissivity spectra for MY ice was caused primarily by the distributions of melt ponds and by the presence of significant amounts of scattering inhomogeneities in the snow and the upper 20-30-cm layer of the ice.