Inverted Vs spanning the cusp boundary layer

We present several examples of dayside inverted Vs in which ion convection and energy dispersion appear to span the region of both open and closed field lines. All of these examples occur in the region generally called the low-latitude boundary layer or the cusp boundary layer and suggest a connection between closed field lines of the dayside auroral region and open field lines of the dayside cusp. One explanation is that plasma in the cusp boundary layer on closed field lines convects across field lines in a smooth fashion into the cusp. Such cross-field-line convection may be possible in regions of finite conductivity and strong currents, where the field can diffuse through the plasma. Another explanation for the observations is that they represent the mid-altitude manifestation of merging at the dayside magnetopause and the opening of previously closed field lines.