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These icy ocean worlds include Ceres, Europa, Enceladus, and Pluto. Each world may have a liquid water ocean beneath their ice crust. These oceans are likely heated by the parent planet’s tidal forces, or in the case of Pluto or Ceres, by residual radioactive decay. A robotic probe exploring the oceans beneath must either melt or bore through the ice crust first. Consequently, the proposed probe needs to contend with hydrostatic ice pressure, ice phase and density changes, then water pressure. Such a mission requires a small, but robust and long lived, electrical energy and heat source.\n\nThe proposed innovation is a compact, scalable nuclear energy source that does not use highly enriched uranium (HEU), high-assay enriched uranium (HALEU), low enriched uranium (LEU) nor plutonium-238 (238Pu). The nuclear energy source consists of a hybrid fusion-fast-fission method whereby neutrons generated from Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF) are used to fission materials such as depleted uranium or thorium. LCF has been demonstrated by both NASA (published in Physical Review C [3]) and by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (published in the Journal of Applied Physics [4]), and commercialized by Astral System, Ltd. [5] Although these methods are reminiscent of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), both methods operate at much higher energies than any attempt at cold fusion. This new hybrid energy\nsource is sufficient to provide power and heat for melting or boring through icy caps with untethered, autonomous probes. These probes can be used for planetary (i.e., Pluto), lunar (i.e., Enceladus), or asteroid (i.e., Ceres) exploration where icy caps are encountered.\n\nAs an alternative to only melting, we propose (ultra) sonically assisted ice fracturing, borrowing from Navy research on super-cavitating torpedoes while noting the Europa Tunnelbot [6] (as shown in Fig 2) proposed a sonar transceiver for navigation. Although high speed transit isn’t expected (mission\nspecifications expect 3 years to transit the ice [6]), super-cavitation involves a sheath of bubbles along a torpedo [7] thereby reducing friction with water. We recognize that the extreme pressures preclude bubble formation, but a thin skin of liquid water would be expected to form along the probe surface. This method is analogous to a possible means of penetrating ice via a melted ice sheath vibrating against and fracturing local ice. In addition, like sonar, a sonic transducer can operate in a pump-probe manner, listening to return echoes to measure ice density directly and possibly communicate to the surface from some depth within the ice.","isLessonsLearned":false,"disseminated":"DOCUMENT_AND_METADATA","cui":{"isCui":false,"submissionId":20260001675,"id":"821df6a9cf82487a97ebabde519089c2"},"publications":[{"submissionId":20260001675,"id":"5123f07ad1254b5b94aa265a5a1d8a02","publicationDate":"2025-03-06T06:00:00.0000000+00:00"}],"status":"CURATED","related":[],"downloads":[{"draft":false,"mimetype":"application/pdf","name":"2023_NIAC_PhI_Benyo_Accessing Ocean Worlds.pdf","type":"STI","links":{"original":"/api/citations/20260001675/downloads/2023_NIAC_PhI_Benyo_Accessing%20Ocean%20Worlds.pdf","pdf":"/api/citations/20260001675/downloads/2023_NIAC_PhI_Benyo_Accessing%20Ocean%20Worlds.pdf","fulltext":"/api/citations/20260001675/downloads/2023_NIAC_PhI_Benyo_Accessing%20Ocean%20Worlds.pdf.txt"}}],"downloadsAvailable":true,"index":"submissions-2026-10-15-05-24"},{"_meta":{"score":167.87915},"copyright":{"thirdPartyPermissionsProduced":false,"disclosedToPublic":false,"containsIndication":false,"publisherPermissionOrRightsToDistribute":false,"belongsToUsGov":false,"determinationType":"PUBLIC_USE_PERMITTED","thirdPartyContentCondition":"NOT_SET","belongsToContractor":false,"disclosedInvention":false,"licenseType":"NO","submissionId":20230012861,"containsThirdPartyMaterial":false,"belongsToPublisher":false,"id":"a148ebf4ba364712ad6636d88f8018bb","belongsToAuthors":false},"subjectCategories":["Spacecraft Propulsion and Power"],"keywords":["Icy Worlds","nuclear","lattice confinement fusion","fast fission","Acoustic Stirling Engine"],"exportControl":{"isExportControl":"NO","submissionId":20230012861,"ear":"NO","id":"a97afb675ad441039519e13e32e5882f","itar":"NO"},"distributionDate":"2023-09-19T04:00:00.0000000+00:00","fundingNumbers":[{"number":"847801.04.04.01.06","submissionId":20230012861,"id":"9a9f25481b81470f877242a991ee6fab","type":"WBS"}],"title":"Accessing Icy Worlds Using Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF) Fast Fission","stiType":"PRESENTATION","distribution":"PUBLIC","submittedDate":"2023-09-01T17:30:20.0753630+00:00","authorAffiliations":[{"organizationId":"fdea3daf3b5156699f511edf3e9b9ec4","sequence":0,"submissionId":20230012861,"meta":{"author":{"orcidId":"0000-0002-3615-4197","name":"Theresa L Benyo"},"organization":{"name":"Glenn Research Center","location":"Cleveland, Ohio, United States"}},"id":"61426f5473914380b0622903dd2a4938","userType":"CIVIL","userId":"4c8d216bd32042fda3830d4812bb9b66"},{"organizationId":"924bcb16c1fe453b9cd3589c033003c0","sequence":1,"submissionId":20230012861,"meta":{"author":{"orcidId":"0000-0002-0349-3096","name":"Lawrence P Forsley"},"organization":{"name":"HX5 (United States)","location":"Fort Walton Beach, Florida, United States"}},"id":"74996275d7a048979f5fc1d6dff8a774","userType":"OTHER","userId":"e4bb4dc68ded4001bd37392f06825f23"},{"organizationId":"fdea3daf3b5156699f511edf3e9b9ec4","sequence":2,"submissionId":20230012861,"meta":{"author":{"orcidId":"","name":"Rodger Dyson"},"organization":{"name":"Glenn Research Center","location":"Cleveland, Ohio, United States"}},"id":"610c8d8de00b4b58bd0dde0955024d1e","userType":"CIVIL","userId":"da8bce2cb2374c6a95ee9fdb25346536"},{"organizationId":"924bcb16c1fe453b9cd3589c033003c0","sequence":3,"submissionId":20230012861,"meta":{"author":{"orcidId":"","name":"Michael Becks"},"organization":{"name":"HX5 (United States)","location":"Fort Walton Beach, Florida, United States"}},"id":"ca14b1ececfb4c848b6e47a6ed770e7b","userType":"CONTRACTOR_GRANTEE","userId":"e4ed0f7808944088b06cfb3b3b95ab83"}],"stiTypeDetails":"Presentation","technicalReviewType":"NASA_PEER_COMMITTEE","modified":"2025-08-31T18:39:21.7150190+00:00","id":20230012861,"created":"2023-09-01T17:14:07.0383490+00:00","center":{"code":"GRC","name":"Glenn Research Center","id":"19eeb25fa404421d9eaa5f876e853e3c"},"onlyAbstract":false,"sensitiveInformation":2,"abstract":"Exploring the oceans of icy moons and planets requires a robust robotic probe powered by an energy source that can operate under icy world ocean conditions and be self-contained. We propose a non-fissile, compact, scalable nuclear energy source to electrically power untethered, autonomous probes to melt or bore through icy world crusts. The probe can be used for planetary (i.e. Pluto, lunar (i.e., Europa), or asteroid exploration (i.e. Ceres) where ice caps are encountered. This new approach may yield a variable output fission power source with a higher performance than 238Pu and a non-fissile alternative to a highly enriched uranium (HEU) core. This approach saves uranium enrichment expense, and both HEU and 238Pu security and launch safety costs. The reactor will produce electrical power with thermal waste heat to melt through the ice crust with possible sonic assistance. This NIAC funded proposal and presentation will introduce the hybrid fusion-fission reactor concept applied to the Saturnian moon, Enceladus, explore the potential for and benefits of this new type of nuclear reactor, and discuss applying this new technology.","isLessonsLearned":false,"disseminated":"DOCUMENT_AND_METADATA","cui":{"isCui":false,"submissionId":20230012861,"id":"8800d92536fa4202a0df0039c5803428"},"meetings":[{"country":"US","submissionId":20230012861,"endDate":"2023-09-21T07:00:00.0000000+00:00","sponsors":[{"organizationId":"e53641f275f15469a1b19a8980e09171","meta":{"organization":{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","location":"Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States"}},"meetingId":"39a2146259c64d348cbfe4f6b5b2cd68","id":"42cb2712240e4997bbd44e8a353440ae"}],"name":"NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Symposium","location":"Houston, TX","id":"39a2146259c64d348cbfe4f6b5b2cd68","url":"https://www.nasa.gov/content/niac-symposium","startDate":"2023-09-19T04:00:00.0000000+00:00"}],"publications":[{"submissionId":20230012861,"id":"17cd6a7447c44d8cb5dc908316167b7f","publicationDate":"2023-09-19T04:00:00.0000000+00:00"}],"status":"CURATED","related":[],"downloads":[{"draft":false,"mimetype":"video/mp4","name":"NIAC Symposium Sept 2023 Final.mp4","type":"STI","links":{"original":"/api/citations/20230012861/downloads/NIAC%20Symposium%20Sept%202023%20Final.mp4"}}],"downloadsAvailable":true,"index":"submissions-2026-10-15-05-24"},{"_meta":{"score":167.5266},"copyright":{"thirdPartyPermissionsProduced":false,"disclosedToPublic":false,"containsIndication":false,"publisherPermissionOrRightsToDistribute":false,"belongsToUsGov":false,"determinationType":"PUBLIC_USE_PERMITTED","thirdPartyContentCondition":"NOT_SET","belongsToContractor":false,"disclosedInvention":false,"licenseType":"NO","submissionId":20230012003,"containsThirdPartyMaterial":false,"belongsToPublisher":false,"id":"82104e60dee64018aba3a5ee8853b953","belongsToAuthors":false},"subjectCategories":["Nuclear Physics"],"exportControl":{"isExportControl":"NO","submissionId":20230012003,"ear":"NO","id":"0cfaffe839c94d2990aa233a326a91e4","itar":"NO"},"distributionDate":"2023-08-31T04:00:00.0000000+00:00","fundingNumbers":[{"number":"847801.04.04.01.06","submissionId":20230012003,"id":"146b31b292df4e4089b79d9b7c027f4d","type":"WBS"}],"title":"LENR Products: Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF), Fission, or Both?","stiType":"PRESENTATION","distribution":"PUBLIC","submittedDate":"2023-08-14T13:50:44.8662080+00:00","authorAffiliations":[{"organizationId":"fdea3daf3b5156699f511edf3e9b9ec4","sequence":0,"submissionId":20230012003,"meta":{"author":{"orcidId":"","name":"Theresa L. 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Conventionally, d-d fusion reactions may produce either 2.45 MeV neutrons, 3 MeV protons, or high energy gammas. Generally, fission will give 5-10x the excess energy of fusion. However, aneutronic “cold fusion” would provide 24 MeV/reaction, D(d,γ)<sup>4</sup>He, where the gamma is suppressed. In a series of pressurized gas cycling experiments with a palladium silver (75 wt.% Pd and 25 wt.% Ag or Pd25Ag) alloy [1], samples cycled with deuterium showed excess heat via unexplained temperature rises. Post-test analysis of the Pd25Ag samples using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM/EDX) showed several molten features containing anomalous elements other than Pd and Ag. Researchers such as Liu et al [2] have also observed transmutations under similar conditions. These molten areas and anomalous elements suggest Pd fission. This nuclear process has been referred to as nuclear disintegration. Either nuclear fission or disintegration may result in neutron rich fragments. The fragments would rapidly beta decay to shorter lived daughters until they reach stability.\nWe’ve observed evidence of both fusion and fission products [3]. Figure 1 shows neutron spectroscopy showing fusion and boosted neutron energies in bremsstrahlung-initiated fusion of TiD2. Figure 2 shows possible fission products from D2 gas cycled Pd25Ag alloy.\nAlternatively, Oppenheimer-Phillips stripping reactions, enhanced by electron screening [4] may also occur. In this case, the 8.6 MeV binding energy per Pd or Ag minus the 2.2 MeV deuteron binding energy leaves 6.4 MeV distributed between the reaction products. 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In a series of pressurized gas cycling experiments with a palladium silver (75 wt.% Pd and 25 wt.% Ag or Pd25Ag) alloy [1], samples cycled with deuterium showed excess heat via unexplained temperature rises. Post-test analysis of the Pd25Ag samples using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM/EDX) showed several molten features containing anomalous elements other than Pd and Ag. Researchers such as Liu et al [2] have also observed transmutations under similar conditions. These molten areas and anomalous elements suggest Pd fission. This nuclear process has been referred to as nuclear disintegration. Either nuclear fission or disintegration may result in neutron rich fragments. The fragments would rapidly beta decay to shorter lived daughters until they reach stability.\n<p style=\"text-indent: 25px;\">We’ve observed evidence of both fusion and fission products [3]. Figure 1 shows neutron spectroscopy showing fusion and boosted neutron energies in bremsstrahlung-initiated fusion of TiD2. Figure 2 shows possible fission products from D<sub>2</sub> gas cycled Pd25Ag alloy.\n<p style=\"text-indent: 25px;\">Alternatively, Oppenheimer-Phillips stripping reactions, enhanced by electron screening [4] may also occur. In this case, the 8.6 MeV binding energy per Pd or Ag minus the 2.2 MeV deuteron binding energy leaves 6.4 MeV distributed between the reaction products. 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