Temperature of the rough lunar surface.

The effect of lunar surface roughness on the lunar surface temperatures is investigated. It is shown that the apparent surface temperature varies significantly according to the observation angle at a given solar elevation. This is due to the surface roughness which is postulated as a level surface interspersed with craters. The temperatures of craters and flat surfaces are obtained analytically. The apparent temperature is the result of the contribution of craters and flat regions whose ratio is derived from earth-based measurements. The results are compared with experimental data.