On the nature of the intercloud medium

Previous analyses of Copernicus observations of interstellar absorption in the spectra of unreddened stars are reviewed in the framework of steady-state ionization models for the intercloud (low-density) component of the interstellar medium. A simple homogeneous model is described which accounts for the H, C, N, S, and Si interstellar lines in the spectrum of lambda Sco in terms of an extensive low-density medium photoionized by Lyman continuum radiation from the II Sco OB association. Quantitative constraints are placed on the maximum permissible flux of diffuse soft X-rays, and the model is generalized to interpret the observed ion, electron, and hydrogen column densities in the low-density medium. Severe constraints are found to be imposed on ionization models by the ratios Si III/Si, Si IV/Si, and S IV/S. It is concluded that the observations may be explained if 10 to 30% of a representative line of sight passes through a photoionized medium of density 0.1 to 0.2/cu cm, if H I constitutes the bulk of the gas along the line of site, and if the gas is at a similar density or is in the form of shielded clumps or clouds.