Tropospheric effects on the middle atmosphere and vice-versa

The mechanisms by which phenomena occurring in the troposphere can affect that atmospheric region lying above the tropopause and below the mesopause are discussed as well as mechanisms by which middle atmospheric phenomena affect the tropospheric circulation, and how the middle atmosphere may act as a medium by which extraterrestrial effects may give rise to changes in tropospheric circulation. Energetics and external energy sources are considered. Aspects of vertical coupling examined include upward, downward, radiational, chemical, and electrical modes.