Status of knowledge of the extraterrestrial solar 'constant' and spectral distribution

Current knowledge of the total solar flux (the solar constant) and its spectral distribution at the top of the earth's atmosphere is reviewed. The development of pyrheliometers and radiation scales is traced, noting that active cavity pyrheliometers have been developed to reduce measurement uncertainty to within 0.1/%. The weighted mean solar constant from ground-based, aircraft, balloon, spacecraft and sounding rocket observations has been calculated to be 1369 W/sq m. Future observations are planned in order to reduce uncertainty to the 0.1% level required for climatological studies. A comparison of the measurement and models of solar spectral irradiance obtained by Thekaekara (1969, 1974), Arvesen (1969) and Labs and Neckel (1968, 1975) shows that the spectrum of Labs and Neckel is most accurate in the 0.4 to 1.25 micron range, that of Arvesen is best in the 0.3 to 0.4 abd 1.25 to 2.5 micron ranges and the model of Labs and Neckel is best at wavelengths greater than 2.5 microns.