Saturn's rings - 3-mm observations and derived properties

Three-millimeter Saturn observations, obtained from 1965 through 1977 and with Jupiter as a reference, have been used to derive a ring brightness temperature of 18 + or - 8 K. The brightness temperature of the disk of Saturn is 156 + or - 9 K. Part of the ring brightness (approximately 6 K) may be accounted for as disk emission which is scattered from the rings; the remainder (12 + or - 8K) is attributed to ring particle thermal emission. Because this thermal component brightness temperature is so much less than the particle physical temperature, limits are placed on the mean size and composition of the ring particles. In particular, as found by others, the particles cannot be rocky, but must be either metallic or composed of extremely low-loss dielectric material such as water ice. If the particles are pure water ice, for example, then a simple slab model and a multiple-scattering model both give upper limits to the particle sizes of approximately 1 m, a value three times smaller than previously available. The multiple-scattering model gives a particle single-scattering albedo at 3 mm of 0.83 + or - 0.13.