Thermal subcoolers for low-thrust chemical orbital transfer vehicles

A system alternative to pressurization for providing net positive suction pressure (NPSP) to the main engine of a low-thrust cryogenic stage has been conceptually designed and analyzed. Thermal subcoolers (heat exchangers) provide required NPSP levels by using throttled vent fluid to subcool propellant delivered to the engine. The study analyzed and sized subcoolers that provide NPSP levels of 0.5 to 12.0 psi for liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, and liquid methane propellants. The study was part of an overall investigation to compare pressurization and other methods of providing NPSP for low-thrust vehicles.