Comparison of Venusian lightning observations

Spacecraft observations of Venusian lightning are reviewed to determine the energy dissipation rate. Optical sensors provide data on the total energy dissipated per flash, so long as the contributions of atomic oxygen and ionized carbon are accounted for. Radio probes yield information on the total lightning occurrences. Venera 9-12 radio surveys are reviewed, and event rates of 20-30/sec for Venera 11 are mentioned. Venera 9 observed a sole, 70 sec event period on the Venusian nightside. Comparisons are made between the recorded electromagnetic energy levels and terrestrial lightning data. The nightside occurrence rate is calculated to be 0.08 strokes/sq km per year, while the dayside exhibits 85 flashes/sq km per sec. Energy dissipation rates ranging from 0.0012-0.25 W/sq m are calculated for various flash durations. It is suggested that the lightning occurs in the clouds as part of an organized meteorological system.