Results of various studies made with the NCAR Thermospheric General Circulation Model (TGCM) (invited review)

The NCAR thermospheric general circulation model (TGCM) has been used for a variety of thermospheric dynamic studies. It has also been used to compare model predictions with measurements made from various ground-based Fabry-Perot interferometer stations, incoherent scatter radar stations and the Dynamics Explorer satellites. The various input and output features of the model are described. These include the specification of solar EUV fluxes, and descriptions of empirical models to specify auroral particle precipitation, ion drag, and magnetospheric convection. Results are presented for solstice conditions giving the model perturbation temperature and circulation response to solar heating forcing alone and also with the inclusion of magnetospheric convections for two different dawn-dusk potential drops, 20 and 60 kV respectively. Results at two constant pressure levels Z =+1 at 300 km and Z= -4 at 120 km are presented for both the winter and summer polar cap regions. The circulation over the Northern Hemisphere polar cap in both the upper and lower thermosphere are presented along with a figure showing that the circulation is mainly a non-divergent irrotational flow responding to ion drag. The results of a study made on the Southern Hemisphere polar cap during October 1981 where Dynamics Explorer satellite measurements of winds, temperature and composition are compared to TGCM predictions are also presented. A diagnostic package that has been developed to analyze the balance of forces operating in the TGCM is presented next illustrating that in the F-region ion drag and pressure provide the main force balance and in the E-region ion drag, pressure and the coriolis forces provide the main balance. The TGCM prediction for the June 10, 1983 total solar eclipse are next presented showing a thermospheric disturbance following the path of totality. Finally, results are presented giving the global circulation, temperature and composition structure of the thermosphere for solar minimum conditions at equinox with 60 kV magnetospheric convection forcing at high latitudes.