Space plasma charging - Lessons from Voyager

The Voyager spacecraft to Jupiter and beyond was designed with the intent that it would be immune to the deleterious effects of space plasma charging. Such effects include electrostatic fields disrupting science data, external electrostatic discharge (ESD) events, and also internal ESDs. This paper describes the design features incorporated into the Voyager spacecraft, the rationale for those features, the results in the Jovian environment, and present thinking about appropriate design to avoid ESD problems caused by space charging.