Varves and solar physics

The relationship between varves (visibly striated rocks deposited by glacial run-off) and solar radiation is discussed, proposing that the thickness of any given varve represents the mean annual sunspot number for the year in which the varve was laid down. The solar cycle may entail a deep torsional oscillator whose influence reaches the surface by wave propagation. Several observed features suggest a wave link between the source of solar activity and its surface manifestations. It is suggested that the cause of varve modulation is solar UV and X-ray radiation, which exerts solar cycle influence in the ozonosphere and ionosphere. The undulations and cycles of the Elatina varve bed formation in South Australia are related to solar phenomena. The varve mechanism is significant for the build-up of the protective shield of biogenic oxygen in the palaeoatmosphere.