Venus - Surface electromagnetic properties

Pioneer Venus high-angle radar imaging data are used here to correct values of the specular power reflection coefficient for the effects of diffusely scattering small-scale surface roughness. A value of 5.0 + or - 0.9 is found for the average dielectric permittivity of the rolling plains and lowlands, suggesting that most of the Venus surface is overlain by at most only a few cm of soil or dust. The unexpectedly high values of power reflection coefficient are confirmed by observations of correspondingly low values of radiothermal emission. Thus there can be little doubt that most of the highlands contain significant amounts of a conducting mineral near the surface.