'Hypersonic slip flows' and issues on extending continuum model beyond the Navier-Stokes level

Results of a direct simulation Monte Carlo method for a hypersonic flow about a flat plate at a 40 deg angle of attack have been compared with corresponding results from a theory for fully viscous shock layers (FVSLs). Using the 13-moment equations for a Maxwell gas, it is demonstrated that nonequilibrium and equilibrium FVSL flows can be correlated. With the exception of the pressure density, most of the flow properties along a streamline (including heat flux and shear and normal stresses) are correctly predicted to leading order by the Navier-Stokes model.