X rays from normal galaxies

The Einstein Observatory, Exosat, and Ginga observations of X-rays from normal galaxies are reviewed. Local spirals and bright spiral galaxies are discussed, emphasizing the nature of the X-ray sources and addressing average sample properties and correlation with other wavebands. Starburst activity and low-activity nuclei are examined. The hot ISM, halos, and cooling flows in elliptical galaxies are addressed, and what X-ray observations reveal about the mass of early-type galaxies is considered. The relationship between radio sources and gaseous halos and between galaxies and the X-ray background is discussed.