Low Energy Calibration for Multi-Spacecraft Missions

Instruments designed for low-energy measurements have their own specific challenges in design and calibration. They may have a non-uniform response at lower energies and may encounter sources of error due to stray fields in the lab and in flight. In addition, the particle source beams for testing and calibration have to be spatially broad, monoenergetic, and monodirectional at the lower energies. Again, the same challenges for the uniform response and removal of stray fields comes into play for these sources. We will discuss our experiences in the low energy calibration of recent flight in-situ instruments and conclude with ideas for multi-spacecraft instruments calibrations. This discussion with others will support the ISSI Scientific Report on Calibration Techniques for In-Situ Plasma Instrumentation.