Dust Storm Impacts on Human Mars Mission Equipment and Operations

Although it is tempting to use dust impacts on Apollo lunar exploration mission equipment and operations as an analog for human Mars exploration, there are a number of important differences to consider. Apollo missions were about a week long; a human Mars mission will start at least two years before crew depart from Earth, when cargo is pre-deployed, and crewed mission duration may be over 800 days. Each Apollo mission landed at a different site; although no decisions have been made, NASA is investigating multiple human missions to a single Mars landing site, building up capability over time and lowering costs by re-using surface infrastructure. Apollo missions used two, single-use spacecraft; a human Mars mission may require as many as six craft for different phases of the mission, most of which would be re-used by subsequent crews. Apollo crews never ventured more than a few kilometers from their lander; Mars crews may take "camping trips" a hundred kilo-meters or more from their landing site, utilizing pressurized rovers to explore far from their base. Apollo mission designers weren't constrained by human for-ward contamination of the Moon; if we plan to search for evidence of life on Mars we'll have to be more careful. These differences all impact how we will mitigate and manage dust on our human Mars mission equipment and operations.