Cryogenic Hydrogen Oxygen Propulsion System for Planetary Science Missions

A Cryogenic Hydrogen Oxygen Propulsion System (CHOPS) that uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LO2) propellants can dramatically enhance NASA's ability to explore the solar system due to their superior specific impulse (Isp) capability. Although these cryogenic propellants can be challenging to manage and store, they allow significant mass advantages over traditional hypergolic propulsion systems and are therefore enabling for many planetary science missions. New cryogenic storage techniques such as subcooling, advanced insulation, low thermal conductivity structures allow for the long term storage and use of cryogenic propellants for solar system exploration and hence allow NASA to deliver more payloads to targets of interest, launch on smaller and less expensive launch vehicles, or both.