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The unexpected surface of asteroid (101955) BennuNASA’S Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft recently arrived at the near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu, a primitive body that represents the objects that may have brought prebiotic molecules and volatiles such as water to Earth1. Bennu is a low-albedo B-type asteroid2 that has been linked to organic-rich hydrated carbonaceous chondrites3. Such meteorites are altered by ejection from their parent body and contaminated by atmospheric entry and terrestrial microbes. Therefore, the primary mission objective is to return a sample of Bennu to Earth that is pristine—that is, not affected by these processes4. The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft carries a sophisticated suite of instruments to characterize Bennu’s global properties, support the selection of a sampling site and document that site at a sub-centimetre scale5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Here we consider early OSIRIS-REx observations of Bennu to understand how the asteroid’s properties compare to pre-encounter expectations and to assess the prospects for sample return. The bulk composition of Bennu appears to be hydrated and volatile-rich, as expected. However, in contrast to pre-encounter modelling of Bennu’s thermal inertia12 and radar polarization ratios13—which indicated a generally smooth surface covered by centimetre-scale particles—resolved imaging reveals an unexpected surficial diversity. The albedo, texture, particle size and roughness are beyond the spacecraft design specifications. On the basis of our pre-encounter knowledge, we developed a sampling strategy to target 50-metre-diameter patches of loose regolith with grain sizes smaller than two centimetres4. We observe only a small number of apparently hazard-free regions, of the order of 5 to 20 metres in extent, the sampling of which poses a substantial challenge to mission success.
Document ID
20210011435
Acquisition Source
Goddard Space Flight Center
Document Type
Reprint (Version printed in journal)
Authors
D. S. Lauretta ORCID
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. N. DellaGiustina ORCID
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
C. A. Bennett
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. R. Golish
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
K. J. Becker
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
S. S. Balram-Knutson
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
O. S. Barnouin
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
T. L. Becker
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
W. F. Bottke
(Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas, United States)
W. V. Boynton
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
H. Campins
(University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida, United States)
H. C. Connolly Jr
(Rowan University Glassboro, New Jersey, United States)
C. Y. Drouet d’Aubigny
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. P. Dworkin
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
J. P. Emery
(University of Tennessee at Knoxville Knoxville, Tennessee, United States)
H. L. Enos
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
V. E. Hamilton
(Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas, United States)
C. W. Hergenrother
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
E. S. Howell
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. R. M. Izawa
(Okayama University Okayama, Okayama, Japan)
H. H. Kaplan
(Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas, United States)
M. C. Nolan
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
B. Rizk
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
H. L. Roper
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. J. Scheeres
(University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado, United States)
P. H. Smith
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
K. J. Walsh
(Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas, United States)
C. W. V. Wolner
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. E. Highsmith
(The Aerospace Corporation El Segundo, California, United States)
J. Small
(The Aerospace Corporation El Segundo, California, United States)
D. Vokrouhlický
(Charles University Prague, Czechia)
N. E. Bowles
(University of Oxford Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom)
E. Brown
(University of Oxford Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom)
K. L. Donaldson Hanna
(University of Oxford Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom)
T. Warren
(University of Oxford Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom)
C. Brunet
(Canadian Space Agency Longueuil, Quebec, Canada)
R. A. Chicoine
(Canadian Space Agency Longueuil, Quebec, Canada)
S. Desjardins
(Canadian Space Agency Longueuil, Quebec, Canada)
D. Gaudreau
(Canadian Space Agency Longueuil, Quebec, Canada)
T. Haltigin
(Canadian Space Agency Longueuil, Quebec, Canada)
S. Millington-Veloza
(Canadian Space Agency Longueuil, Quebec, Canada)
A. Rubi
(Canadian Space Agency Longueuil, Quebec, Canada)
J. Aponte
(Catholic University of America Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
N. Gorius
(Catholic University of America Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
A. Lunsford
(Catholic University of America Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
B. Allen
(Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
J. Grindlay
(Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
D. Guevel
(Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
D. Hoak
(Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
J. Hong
(Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
D. L. Schrader
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
J. Bayron
(City University of New York New York, New York, United States)
O. Golubov
(University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado, United States)
P. Sánchez
(University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado, United States)
J. Stromberg
(Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia)
M. Hirabayashi
(Auburn University Auburn, Alabama, United States)
C. M. Hartzell
(University of Maryland, College Park College Park, Maryland, United States)
S. Oliver
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. Rascon
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
A. Harch
(Cornell University Ithaca, New York, United States)
J. Joseph
(Cornell University Ithaca, New York, United States)
S. Squyres
(Cornell University Ithaca, New York, United States)
D. Richardson
(University of Maryland, College Park College Park, Maryland, United States)
L. McGraw
(University of Tennessee at Knoxville Knoxville, Tennessee, United States)
R. Ghent
(University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
R. P. Binzel
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
M. M. Al Asad
(University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)
C. L. Johnson
(University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)
L. Philpott
(University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)
H. C. M. Susorney
(University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)
E. A. Cloutis
(University of Winnipeg Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)
R. D. Hanna
(The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, United States)
F. Ciceri
(University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
A. R. Hildebrand
(University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
E.-M. Ibrahim
(University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
L. Breitenfeld
(Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York, United States)
T. Glotch
(Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York, United States)
A. D. Rogers
(Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York, United States)
B. E. Clark
(Ithaca College Ithaca, New York, United States)
S. Ferrone
(Ithaca College Ithaca, New York, United States)
C. A. Thomas
(Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona, United States)
Y. Fernandez
(University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida, United States)
W. Chang
(Edge Space Systems)
A. Cheuvront
(General Dynamics (United States) Fairfax, Virginia, United States)
D. Trang
(University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii, United States)
S. Tachibana
(Hokkaido University Sapporo, Hokkaidô, Japan)
H. Yurimoto
(Hokkaido University Sapporo, Hokkaidô, Japan)
J. R. Brucato
(National Institute for Astrophysics Rome, Italy)
G. Poggiali
(National Institute for Astrophysics Rome, Italy)
M. Pajola
(Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova Padova, Italy)
E. Dotto
(Astronomical Observatory of Rome Rome, Italy)
E. Mazzotta Epifani
(Indigo Information Services (United States) Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. K. Crombie
(Indigo Information Services (United States) Tucson, Arizona, United States)
C. Lantz
(Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale Bures-sur-Yvette, France)
J. de Leon
(Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain)
J. Licandro
(Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain)
J. L. Rizos Garcia
(Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain)
S. Clemett
(Jacobs (United States) Dallas, Texas, United States)
K. Thomas-Keprta
(Jacobs (United States) Dallas, Texas, United States)
S. Van wal
(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Tokyo, Japan)
M. Yoshikawa
(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Tokyo, Japan)
J. Bellerose
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
S. Bhaskaran
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
C. Boyles
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
S. R. Chesley
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
C. M. Elder
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
D. Farnocchia
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
A. Harbison
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
B. Kennedy
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
A. Knight
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
N. Martinez-Vlasoff
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
N. Mastrodemos
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
T. McElrath
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
W. Owen
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
R. Park
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
B. Rush
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
L. Swanson
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
Y. Takahashi
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
D. Velez
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
K. Yetter
(Jet Propulsion Lab La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States)
C. Thayer
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
C. Adam
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
P. Antreasian
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
J. Bauman
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
C. Bryan
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
B. Carcich
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
M. Corvin
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
J. Geeraert
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
J. Hoffman
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
J. M. Leonard
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
E. Lessac-Chenen
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
A. Levine
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
J. McAdams
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
L. McCarthy
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
D. Nelson
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
B. Page
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
J. Pelgrift
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
E. Sahr
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
K. Stakkestad
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
D. Stanbridge
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
D. Wibben
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
B. Williams
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
K. Williams
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
P. Wolff
(KinetX Aerospace, Inc.)
P. Hayne
(University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado, United States)
D. Kubitschek
(University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado, United States)
M. A. Barucci
(Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics Meudon, France)
J. D. P. Deshapriya
(Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics Meudon, France)
S. Fornasier
(Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics Meudon, France)
M. Fulchignoni
(Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics Meudon, France)
P. Hasselmann
(Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics Meudon, France)
F. Merlin
(Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics Meudon, France)
A. Praet
(Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics Meudon, France)
E. B. Bierhaus
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
O. Billett
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
A. Boggs
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
B. Buck
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
S. Carlson-Kelly
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
J.Cerna
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
K. Chaffin
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
E. Church
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. Coltrin
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
J. Daly
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
A. Deguzman
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
R. Dubisher
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
D. Eckart
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
D. Ellis
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
P. Falkenstern
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
A. Fisher
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. E. Fisher
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
P. Fleming
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
K. Fortney
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
S. Francis
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
S. Freund
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
S. Gonzales
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
P. Haas
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
A. Hasten
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
D. Hauf
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
A. Hilbert
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
D. Howell
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
F. Jaen
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
N. Jayakody
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. Jenkins
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
K. Johnson
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. Lefevre
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
H. Ma
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
C. Mario
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
K. Martin
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
C. May
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. McGee
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
B. Miller
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
C. Miller
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
G. Miller
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
A. Mirfakhrai
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
E. Muhle
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
C. Norman
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
R. Olds
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
C. Parish
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. Ryle
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. Schmitzer
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
P. Sherman
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. Skeen
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. Susak
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
B. Sutter
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
Q. Tran
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
C. Welch
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
R. Witherspoon
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
J. Wood
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
J. Zareski
(Lockheed Martin (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
M. Arvizu-Jakubicki
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
E. Asphaug
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
E. Audi
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
R.-L. Ballouz
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
R. Bandrowski
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
S. Bendall
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
H. Bloomenthal
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. Blum
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. Brodbeck
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
K. N. Burke
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. Chojnacki
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
A. Colpo
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. Contreras
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. Cutts
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. Dean
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
B. Diallo
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. Drinnon
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
K. Drozd
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
R. Enos
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
C. Fellows
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
T. Ferro
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. R. Fisher
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
G. Fitzgibbon
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. Fitzgibbon
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. Forelli
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
T. Forrester
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
I. Galinsky
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
R. Garcia
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
A. Gardner
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
N. Habib
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. Hamara
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. Hammond
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
K. Hanley
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
K. Harshman
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
K. Herzog
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. Hill
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
C. Hoekenga
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
S. Hooven
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
E. Huettner
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
A. Janakus
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. Jones
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
T. R. Kareta
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. Kidd
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
K. Kingsbury
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
L. Koelbel
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. Kreiner
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. Lambert
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
C. Lewin
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
B. Lovelace
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. Loveridge
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. Lujan
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
C. K. Maleszewski
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
R. Malhotra
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
K. Marchese
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
E. McDonough
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
N. Mogk
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
V. Morrison
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
E. Morton
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
R. Munoz
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. Nelson
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. Padilla
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
R. Pennington
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
A. Polit
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
N. Ramos
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
V. Reddy
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. Riehl
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
S. Salazar
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
S. R. Schwartz
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
S. Selznick
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
N. Shultz
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
S. Stewart
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
S. Sutton
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
T. Swindle
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
Y. H. Tang
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. Westermann
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
D. Worden
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
T. Zega
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
Z. Zeszut
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
A. Bjurstrom
(Macdonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, Brampton)
L. Bloomquist
(Macdonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, Brampton)
C. Dickinson
(Macdonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, Brampton)
E. Keates
(Macdonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, Brampton)
J. Liang
(Macdonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, Brampton)
V. Nifo
(Macdonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, Brampton)
A. Taylor
(Macdonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, Brampton)
F. Teti
(Macdonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, Brampton)
M. Caplinger
(Malin Space Science Systems (United States) San Diego, California, United States)
H. Bowles
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
S. Carter
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
S. Dickenshied
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
D. Doerres
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
T. Fisher
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
W. Hagee
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
J. Hill
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
M. Miner
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
D. Noss
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
N. Piacentine
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
M. Smith
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
A. Toland
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
P. Wren
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
M. Bernacki
(Mines ParisTech Paris, France)
D. Pino Munoz
(Mines ParisTech Paris, France)
S.-i. Watanabe
(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Tokyo, Japan)
S. A. Sandford
(Ames Research Center Mountain View, California, United States)
A. Aqueche
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
B. Ashman
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
M. Barker
(Sigma Space (United States) Lanham, Maryland, United States)
A. Bartels
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
K. Berry
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
B. Bos
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
R. Burns
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
A. Calloway
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
R. Carpenter
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
N. Castro
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
R. Cosentino
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
J. Donaldson
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
J. Elsila Cook
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
C. Emr
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
D. Everett
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
D. Fennell
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
K. Fleshman
(Wyle (United States) El Segundo, California, United States)
D. Folta
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
D. Gallagher
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
J. Garvin
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
K. Getzandanner
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
D. Glavin
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
S. Hull
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
K. Hyde
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
H. Ido
(Wyle (United States) El Segundo, California, United States)
A. Ingegneri
(Millennium Engineering and Integration (United States) Arlington, Virginia, United States)
N. Jones
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
P. Kaotira
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
L. F. Lim
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
A. Liounis
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
C. Lorentson
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
D. Lorenz
(Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies (United States) Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
J. Lyzhoft
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
E. M. Mazarico
(University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States)
R. Mink
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
W. Moore
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
M. Moreau
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
S. Mullen
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
J. Nagy
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
G. Neumann
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
J. Nuth
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
D. Poland
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
D. C. Reuter
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
L. Rhoads
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
S. Rieger
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
D. Rowlands
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
D. Sallitt
(X3M Systems, LLC Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
A. Scroggins
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
G. Shaw
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
A. A. Simon
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
J. Swenson
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
P. Vasudeva
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
M. Wasser
(Adnet Systems (United States) Bethesda, Maryland, United States)
R. Zellar
(Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, United States)
J. Grossman
(National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
G. Johnston
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
M. Morris
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
J. Wendel
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
A. Burton
(Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, United States)
L. P. Keller
(Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, United States)
L. Mcnamara
(Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, United States)
S. Messenger
(ASRC Federal Analytical Service (United States) Huntsville, Alabama, United States)
K. Messenger
(Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, United States)
A. Nguyen
(Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, United States)
K. Righter
(Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, United States)
E. Queen
(Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia, United States)
K. Bellamy
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
K. Dill
(Manufacturing Technical Solutions Inc. Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
S. Gardner
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
M. Giuntini
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
B. Key
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
J. Kissell
(Manufacturing Technical Solutions Inc. Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
D. Patterson
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
D. Vaughan
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
B. Wright
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
R. W. Gaskell
(Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Arizona, United States)
L. Le Corre
(Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J.-Y. Li
(Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. L. Molaro
(Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Arizona, United States)
E. E. Palmer
(Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Arizona, United States)
M. A. Siegler
(Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Arizona, United States)
P. Tricarico
(Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Arizona, United States)
J. R. Weirich
(Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Arizona, United States)
X.-D. Zou
(Planetary Science Institute Tucson, Arizona, United States)
T. Ireland
(Australian National University Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia)
K. Tait
(Royal Ontario Museum Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
P. Bland
(Curtin University Perth, Western Australia, Australia)
S. Anwar
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
N. Bojorquez-Murphy
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
P. R. Christensen
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
C. W. Haberle
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
G. Mehall
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
K. Rios
(Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, United States)
I. Franchi
(The Open University Milton Keynes, United Kingdom)
B. Rozitis
(The Open University Milton Keynes, United Kingdom)
C. B. Beddingfield
(Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Mountain View, California, United States)
J. Marshall
(Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Mountain View, California, United States)
D. N. Brack
(University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado, United States)
A. S. French
(University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado, United States)
J. W. McMahon
(University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado, United States)
E. R. Jawin
(Smithsonian Institution Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
T. J. McCoy
(Smithsonian Institution Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
S. Russell
(Smithsonian Institution Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States)
M. Killgore
(Southwest Meteorite Laboratory)
J. L. Bandfield
(Space Science Institute Boulder, Colorado, United States)
B. C. Clark
(Space Science Institute Boulder, Colorado, United States)
M. Chodas
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
M. Lambert
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
R. A. Masterson
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States)
M. G. Daly
(York University Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
J. Freemantle
(York University Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
J. A. Seabrook
(York University Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
K. Craft
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
R. T. Daly
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
C. Ernst
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
R. C. Espiritu
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
M. Holdridge
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
M. Jones
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
A. H. Nair
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
L. Nguyen
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
J. Peachey
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
M. E. Perry
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
J. Plescia
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
J. H. Roberts
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
R. Steele
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
R. Turner
(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory North Laurel, Maryland, United States)
J. Backer
(United States Geological Survey Reston, Virginia, United States)
K. Edmundson
(United States Geological Survey Reston, Virginia, United States)
J. Mapel
(United States Geological Survey Reston, Virginia, United States)
M. Milazzo
(United States Geological Survey Reston, Virginia, United States)
S. Sides
(United States Geological Survey Reston, Virginia, United States)
C. Manzoni
(London Stereoscopic Company)
B. May
(London Stereoscopic Company)
M. Delbo
(Université Côte d'Azur Nice, France)
G. Libourel
(Université Côte d'Azur Nice, France)
P. Michel
(Université Côte d'Azur Nice, France)
A. Ryan
(Université Côte d'Azur Nice, France)
F. Thuillet
(Université Côte d'Azur Nice, France)
B. Marty
(University of Lorraine Nancy, France)
Date Acquired
March 17, 2021
Publication Date
March 19, 2019
Publication Information
Publication: Nature
Publisher: Nature Research
Volume: 568
Issue Publication Date: April 4, 2019
ISSN: 0028-0836
e-ISSN: 1476-4687
Subject Category
Astronomy
Exobiology
Funding Number(s)
WBS: 828928.07.02.02.01
CONTRACT_GRANT: NNM10AA11C
Distribution Limits
Public
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