Potential origin of the state-dependent high-energy tail in the black hole microquasar Cygnus X-1 as seen with INTEGRAL

Context. 0.1–10 MeV observations of the black hole microquasar Cygnus X-1 have shown the presence of a spectral feature in the
form of a power law in addition to the standard black body (0.1–10 keV) and Comptonization (10–200 keV) components observed
by INTEGRAL in several black-hole X-ray binaries. This so-called “high-energy tail” was recently shown to be strong in the hard
spectral state of Cygnus X-1, and, in this system, has been interpreted as the high-energy part of the emission from a compact jet.
Aims. This result was nevertheless obtained from a data set largely dominated by hard state observations. In the soft state, only upper
limits on the presence and hence the potential parameters of a high-energy tail could be derived. Using an extended data set, we aim
to obtain better constraints on the properties of this spectral component in both states.

Methods. We make use of data obtained from about 15 years of observations with the INTEGRAL satellite. The data set is separated
into the different states and we analyze stacked state-resolved spectra obtained from the X-ray monitors, the gamma-ray imager, and
the gamma-ray spectrometer (SPI) onboard.

Results. A high-energy component is detected in both states, confirming its earlier detection in the hard state and its suspected
presence in the soft state with INTEGRAL, as seen in a much smaller SPI data set. We first characterize the high-energy tail components in the two states through a model-independent, phenomenological analysis. We then apply physical models based on hybrid Comptonization (eqpair and belm). The spectra are well modeled in all cases, with a similar goodness of the fits. While in the
semi-phenomenological approach the high-energy tail has similar indices in both states, the fits with the physical models seem to
indicate slightly different properties. Based on this approach, we discuss the potential origins of the high-energy components in both
the soft and hard states, and favor an interpretation where the high-energy component is due to a compact jet in the hard state and
hybrid Comptonization in either a magnetized or nonmagnetized corona in the soft state.