Autonomous Optical-only Navigation for Deep Space Missions

Navigation of spacecraft for interplanetary missions is typically performed on the ground using a two-way radio link to obtain the necessary tracking data. Due to the limited number of antenna capable of tracking these spacecraft, it would be advantageous to have a navigation capability that is entirely self-contained onboard a spacecraft. A camera mounted on a spacecraft is theoretically capable of enabling self-navigating spacecraft, and has been demonstrated in limited circumstances in past missions. Fundamentally, the technique involves using various natural or artificial targets as observational beacons to determine the observers position in space. In this paper, the technique of optical-only navigation is described, including discussions of what types of observations are used, and results of analysis showing the accuracies achievable for various mission types across the Solar System is discussed.