Flow and noise from supersonic plug nozzles

Nozzles with external plugs are candidates for propulsion of future supersonic aircraft. A model-scale experimental study is conducted exploring the flow and noise characteristics of various plug nozzles. For a given outer nozzle, the plug geometry is varied from conic with various half-angles (lengths) to plugs designed by the method of characteristics (MoC) as well as truncated and porous plugs. So far, noise characteristics and schlieren flow visualization data have been acquired. Limited numerical simulations have also been done addressing thrust performance. The simulations show that the MoC plugs out-perform the conic cases, especially around high Mach number cruise conditions. The experimental data, however, show that the MoC plugs are noisy relative to the conic cases at low Mach number landing and takeoff (LTO) conditions. The increased noise (with MoC at LTO) is accompanied by unsteady turbulent structures and increased jet spreading, as seen in schlieren pictures. At LTO, the longest conic plug is found to be the least noisy. Furthermore, a porous surface on the long conic plug effectively suppresses broadband shock associated noise (BBSN) at higher Mach numbers. Thus, a dilemma remains. MoC design gives best thrust performance at cruise but it is noisy at LTO. A long conic plug, on the other hand, is quieter at LTO but may have unacceptable thrust at cruise.