LIRA: Probing the Lunar Surface for Resources.

The thermal, compositional and electrical properties of the lunar regolith, such as the triboelectric properties of lunar dust, the volatile content and the thermophysical properties of the polar regolith are essential to understand from a scientific perspective as well as for resource extraction and hazard mitigation. Understanding these properties specifically requires in situ measurement, as these properties are inherent in the ambient environment. With the Lunar In situ Regolith Analyzer (LIRA) we will combine mature surface sensor technologies from previous spacecraft missions (TECP) with new sensors (ClO4- ) and battery capability to achieve a compact in situ analysis package.
The surface instrument suite is adapted for lunar conditions from a sensor developed as part of the Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA) instrument on the 2007 Mars Phoenix mission, as well as supplemental sensors.
• The Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP), flown on MECA/Phoenix, which measures heat capacity, thermal conductivity, electrical resistance, and electrical permittivity between needles inserted into the soil. The TECP also measured atmospheric humidity, a capability that will be retained to search for subsurface H2O ice. The Mars TECP weighed 100-gram and by definition was at TRL 9. The lunar version (LIRA) is TRL 4.
• The Perchlorate (ClO4) sensor is based on the fluorescence property of perchlorate (Mg, Fe, Na). We added a light source to excite the perchlorate (ClO4) and a photo diode to collect the emission wavelength. A sun-shade over the photo diode blocks out the ambient light during day light hours.

The unifying goal of LIRA is to deliver a complete, integrated experiment suite that investigates properties that must be measured in situ, and provides the capability to power the suite at night or in PSRs, as well as a means to simulate aspects of the diurnal transition by delivering an optical pulse to the surface with intensity comparable to sunlight.
We describe the scientific context of LIRA, touching on the electrical state of the near-surface environment, the thermal properties of the undisturbed regolith, and the distribution, geochemistry, and mobility of water. We also address the exploration implications of the work, examining hazards and resources in the context of strategic knowledge gaps (SKGs).