Rapid Response Missions to Near-Earth Objects, Interstellar Objects, and Long-Period Comets

Over the last several years there has been growing recognition that detailed knowledge of certain classes of small bodies can only be attained through rapid response missions. For example, the
development of rapid response mission capabilities has recently been driven by the discovery of the first two interstellar objects (ISOs), the desire for in-situ data of long-period comets (LPCs), and the realization that the next damaging Earth-impact event will likely be from a relatively small, but still hazardous near-Earth object (NEO). Moreover, one of the primary recommendations from the recent National Academies Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey supports a rapid reconnaissance planetary defense demonstration mission. In addition, NASA’s Science Mission Directorate concurs with the Decadal Survey recommendation, and states that development of such a capability could also enhance opportunities for the study of ISOs and LPCs. Knowledge of all three
of these small body populations will ultimately increase in the upcoming years as the next-generation survey systems Vera Rubin Observatory and NEO Surveyor come online. These systems will provide the data required to assess these populations and identify appropriate targets of opportunity which would enable NASA and the international community to quickly respond to an emerging target such as a NEO, ISO, or LPC.