Interstellar Object Encounter Trade Space Exploration

2017 and 2019 saw the discovery of the first twointerstellar objects (ISO) in the solar system, 1I ‘Oumuamuaand 2I Borisov, but left scientists with more questions thananswers as to the objects’ origins. To fully resolve these openquestions, scientists need a closer look at an interstellar objectvia a dedicated spacecraft and close approach. However, ISOspose unique engineering challenges for close encounters becauseof their extremely high relative velocity, unfavorable approachgeometry, and limited alert time; ISOs often are only discovereda few months before a spacecraft would need to launch toencounter it.Typical encounters with small bodies have occurred at relativevelocities on the order of 10 km/s with approach phase below90 deg (at least half-lit). Except for the Halley Armada in the80s, the most extreme flybys have been of comet Borrelly ata relative velocity of 16.6 km/s (but only a phase angle of 65deg) and Annefrank at a phase angle of 150 deg (but a relativevelocity of only 7.2 km/s). Furthermore, planetary missionsgenerally target bodies whose ephemerides are well constrainedbecause of many years of Earth based observations. On theother hand, ISOs typically have relative velocities of 30-90 km/s,phase angles biased towards over 90 deg, and larger positionuncertainties because of shorter ground-based observationalarcs, and thus represent much more difficult targets.Our team has been developing the flight system architecturesand technologies necessary to enable future reconnaissance ofan interstellar object by flyby, potentially including an impactor.This endeavor seeks to catalyze planetary exploration and itsintersection with exo-planet science. We establish encounterguidance, navigation, and control requirements within the tradespace of trajectories to a synthetic ISO population. Flightsystem constraints, Earth departure capabilities, and ability fora mission team to quickly respond to an inbound target limitthe accessible space for a future mission. This trade spaceanalysis reveals enabling mission architectures, and providesrecommendations for supporting investment to enable an ISOmission in the next decade.