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Control System Development for A Zero Boil-Off Hydrogen Storage Demonstration With Two-Stage Active CoolingA NASA team is designing and building a test article to demonstrate the long duration storage of liquid hydrogen via active cooling (cryocoolers) while implementing a two-stage cooling approach. This activity is one of a large portfolio of NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate funded activities which focuses on the technology maturation needed for long duration storage of cryogenic liquid in-space. The current state-of-the-art for liquid hydrogen storage on-orbit is on the order of hours while NASA’s planned missions require storage for months, or even years. To enable such a long duration, Zero Boil-Off conditions must be achieved which requires passive technologies to minimize environmental heat loads, but also active cooling to intercept and reject the remaining heat to deep space. The implementation of active cooling results in a significant amount of dry mass added to the vehicle. Utilizing a Two-Stage Cooling approach, analysis and testing to date indicates the Zero Boil-Off of liquid hydrogen can be achieved with less mass and electrical power relative to a single-stage cooling approach where only one cryocooler is used. This activity will demonstrate the fully integrated suite of technologies needed to enable the Two-Stage Cooling approach which includes Multi-Layer Insulation blankets, Low Conductivity Structures, a Tube-On-Tank Heat Exchanger, Tube-On-Shield Heat Exchanger and a Two-Stage Cryogenerator (both 90 Kelvin and 20 Kelvin) with each stage having an independently controlled circulation loop. The bulk of the heat load is intercepted by the 90 Kelvin loop via a thin foil heat exchanger internal to the insulation blankets (also known as a Broad Area Cooling Shield), with the remainder removed at cryofluid temperature (20 Kelvin) by tubes directly welded to the outer tank surface. In this paper, we examine the challenges of controlling the system, and describe the development of control algorithms and software for future testing with liquid hydrogen. The interactions between the cryofans which control circulation loop mass flow rates, electrical heaters which vary the cryocooler lift to simulate the operation of variable-lift flight units, tank heaters which can vary the overall heat load, and the effects of changes in circulation loop pressure as temperatures change, can be complex and must be well understood to maintain steady-state propellant conditions and achieve Zero Boil-Off. Parallel PID loops and watchdog programs implemented on the user interface system will help bring the systems to steady state operation and keep them at selected operating points within acceptable error, while avoiding runaway feedback loops.
Document ID
20230010019
Acquisition Source
Marshall Space Flight Center
Document Type
Presentation
Authors
Patrick A. Giddens
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
James W. Smith
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
Scott Tashakkor
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
Jonathan R. Stephens
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
Juan G. Valenzuela
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
Kevin W. Pedersen
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
Brian D. Hamill
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
Sarah Nguyen
(Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio, United States)
Robert M. Witbrodt
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
Travis W. Belcher
(Marshall Space Flight Center Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, United States)
Ryan J. Grotenrath
(Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio, United States)
Chase Forrester
(Yetispace, Inc. Huntsville, AL, United States)
Mark W. Black
(Yetispace, Inc. Huntsville, AL, United States)
Harold W. Burtts
(Yetispace, Inc. Huntsville, AL, United States)
John David Furby
(Jacobs Huntsville, AL)
Date Acquired
July 7, 2023
Subject Category
Spacecraft Propulsion and Power
Meeting Information
Meeting: Space Cryo Workshop
Location: Kailua-Kona, HI
Country: US
Start Date: July 16, 2023
End Date: July 18, 2023
Sponsors: Marshall Space Flight Center
Funding Number(s)
WBS: 448428.05.03.02.62
Distribution Limits
Public
Copyright
Public Use Permitted.
Technical Review
NASA Technical Management
Keywords
cryogenics
cryocoolers
zero boil off
two stage cooling
long term storage
liquid hydrogen

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