Empirical Noise Modeling of Internally Mixed Exhaust Systems

There appear to be no non-proprietary methods to predict the noise of internally mixed exhaust systems, and no guidance for how to adapt known jet noise models for these configurations. This paper surveys literature and historical databases acquired at NASA Glenn's Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Lab to give such guidance. The core premise is that an exhaust system with well-designed mixer produces noise that is to first approximation the same as a fully-mixed jet flow. Refinement of what is meant by a “fully mixed jet” can lead to more accurate prediction of the main jet noise. Additional noise is often generated within the nozzle, typically at high frequencies, whose source mechanism(s) are not obvious. However, a noise prediction method can be established that captures some aspects of the excess noise and provide an estimate of the total jet noise. Explorations of source mechanisms associated with the internal mixer have led to a new noise model which includes the effects of having an external plug nozzle, a feature desirable for near-term supersonic aircraft. Statistical analysis of historical data is provided to estimate the uncertainty in using this method given the variations found that cannot be directly computed without detailed mixer geometry.