Nonlinear Carbon Feedbacks in CMIP6 and Their Impacts on Future Freshwater Availability

Some theories and analyses of earlier generations of Earth system models (ESMs) suggest that transpiration will decline with higher atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO2] due to stomatal closure, thereby enhancing runoff and soil moisture relative to the continental drying predicted by warming alone. Using the latest generation of idealized experiments from the Coupled Climate–Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project forced with increasing [CO2], we show that the opposite effect prevails: Plants themselves contribute to projected soil drying, with smaller negative effects on runoff, and this picture emerges by considering the interactions between radiatively driven warming and the physiological effects of high [CO2] on plants. These interactions act to increase plant-based evapotranspiration (ET) by expanding the leaf area and lengthening and warming growing seasons beyond what would be predicted by radiative or biogeochemical effects alone. Collectively, these interactions increase ecosystem water use and dry soils, compensating for any land water savings from stomatal closure. At the same time, these interactions have grown and become more uncertain across ESM generations. Notably, the simulated strength of these plant–water interactions scales with the resilience of the land carbon sink to warming—a key feedback in the carbon cycle. Our results emphasize that a linearity assumption underpinning the analyses of carbon, plant, and water interactions is not appropriate for the latest generation of ESMs, with implications for model development, as well as the accurate interpretation of projected changes to the carbon cycle and its consequences for future climate, drought, and water availability.