Design and Optimization of an Open Rotor Stage

Open rotor propulsors enable greatly increased effective bypass ratios over current aircraft engines, resulting in significantly improved efficiencies. One of the most promising of these geometries is the ``open fan'', which consists of a single rotor followed by a single stator. This configuration will be referred to as an ``open rotor stage'' for design work at NASA. In this work we consider the multidisciplinary design and optimization of an open rotor stage using a variety of 2D and 3D techniques. The 2D aerodynamic techniques used for design include a 2D Trefftz plane method, axisymmetric throughflow, and quasi-3D blade-to-blade CFD. Aerodynamic performance is prioritized, while structural requirements are met and some acoustic considerations are included. Between the rotor, stator, and hub profiles, a total of 101 design variables are used. Differences in the process of designing an open rotor stage vs. designing other high-speed propellers are also discussed. The current design, the NASA Optimized Propulsor for Efficiency and Noise (N-OPEN-1), achieves 84.7\% net efficiency as predicted by 3D CFD, with further improvements expected to be possible. This design makes effective use of a slower rotor and a less tip-loaded work distribution than typical single-rotation propellers, allowing the stator to produce 14.8\% of the thrust. Laminar flow on the blades was responsible for a 1.7\% efficiency benefit and warrants further study.