Behavioral, psychiatric, and sociological problems of long-duration space missions

In an attempt to isolate behavioral, psychiatric, and sociological problems expected on long- duration space missions, a literature search was conducted at the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas. Primary sources include short - term space flights, submarine tours, Antarctic expeditions, isolation-chamber tests, space-flight simulators, and hypodynamia studies. Various stressors are discussed including weightlessness and low sensory input; circadian rhythms (including sleep); confinement, isolation, and monotony; and purely psychiatric and sociological considerations. Important aspects of crew selection are also mentioned. An attempt is made to discuss these factors with regard to a prototype mission to Mars. However, it is concluded that more experimentation under actual space conditions are necessary before such a mission should be attempted.