Three models of the vibrating ulna.

Evaluation of the ability of three models of the ulna to predict ulnar resonant frequency. The ulna is considered to be a uniform cylindrical tube made of homogeneous isotropic material. In model I the tube is attached at each end to rigid supports by hinges, in model II the tube is attached to rigid supports by springs rather than hinges, while model III is the same as model II except for the addition of a spring-mass system simulating an accelerometer strapped to the wrist. It is found that all three models exhibit comparable effectiveness in predicting the allowed cyclic vibration frequency, although model I is marginally better than models II or III in predicting this parameter. All three models also yield relatively realistic values for Young's modulus. In terms of results, therefore, there is no clear choice between the models. However, owing to greater costs incurred with models II and III, it is concluded that model I is the most useful, even though it is the least 'realistic' of the three models evaluated.-