Time lag effects in the nucleation of particles in stellar atmospheres

When a system goes from a saturated state to a supersaturated one, the classical nucleation-rate formula is not instantly valid; rather, the nucleation rate relaxes exponentially (with a characteristic time - the time lag) to the value given by the steady-state formula. Under some circumstances, particularly those found in some cool stellar atmospheres, the time lag can be quite long and a decisve factor in determining the possibility of particle formation. Carbon condensation in the atmospheres of Mira variables is considered and found to be unlikely on the basis of classical nucleation theory because of the long time lags involved, unless the parameters describing the physical conditions in these atmospheres are significantly different from current estimates.