Biomedical challenges of spaceflight

The biomedical effects of long- and short-term spaceflight are summarized, along with training programs to offset deleterious effects. It is noted that humans do adapt well to spaceflight, although some changes are not yet well understood. Descriptions are provided of the neurovestibular reactions; cardiovascular deconditioning; motor-system disturbances; bone and mineral alterations; and changes in the blood, bodily fluid, and electrolytes which are typical after some time in space.