The effect of the Hadley circulation on the meridional propagation of stationary waves

The effect of the Hadley circulation on the meridional propagation of stationary planetary waves was investigated using a multilevel linearized steady primitive equation model with an idealized meridional circulation. It was found that a mean meridional circulation in the basic state can change the response of a multilevel model, especially to forcing in the tropics. The idealized model version was altered in several ways and was run with realistic zonal mean conditions of January and July for a variety of forcings, including topographic forcing and idealized tropical heating. In this model, the Hadley circulation changes the response to earth topographic forcing in the subtropics. The inclusion of the Hadley circulation allows interhemispheric connections in the stationary response to tropical forcing comparable to those that observations suggest are forced by the Asian monsoon in July and the anomalous upper-tropospheric divergence during the El Nino in January.