The phase diagram of hydrogen with other elements, and applications to Jovian planet interiors

The physical properties of pure hydrogen are studied under conditions appropriate to the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn (pressure of about 10 Mbar, T of about 80,000 K), and of Uranus and Neptune (pressure of about 0.5 Mbar, T of about 5000 K). Metallization of hydrogen takes place in Jupiter and Saturn but not in Uranus and Neptune. Hydrogen will be in a strongly interacting liquid phase in the deep interiors of all of the Jovian planets. Consideration is given to cases of hydrogen mixed with cosmically abundant impurities such as helium, oxygen, and carbon. Observational results for abundances in Jovian planet atmospheres and their possible relation to processes in the deep interior and to flow measurements are discussed.