On the VHF Source Retrieval Errors Associated with Lightning Mapping Arrays (LMAs)

This presentation examines in detail the standard retrieval method: that of retrieving the (x, y, z, t) parameters of a lightning VHF point source from multiple ground-based Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) time-of-arrival (TOA) observations. The solution is found by minimizing a chi-squared function via the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The associated forward problem is examined to illustrate the importance of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Monte Carlo simulated retrievals are used to assess the benefits of changing various LMA network properties. A generalized retrieval method is also introduced that, in addition to TOA data, uses LMA electric field amplitude measurements to retrieve a transient VHF dipole moment source.